Michigan Court of Appeals Allows Plaintiff to Pursue Private Cause of Action against No-Fault Insurer

In Holmes v. Farm Bureau Gen. Ins. Co., No. 320723, 2014 Mich. App. LEXIS 1031 (Mich. Ct. App. May 19, 2015), Holmes was injured in a motor vehicle accident. Her automobile insurance policy through Farm Bureau General Insurance (Farm Bureau) provided underinsured motorist coverage, including PIP coverage. Notably, however, Farm Bureau did not pay for Holmes’ medical treatment. Instead, the treatment was paid for by Medicare and Medicare AARP Supplemental Insurance.  Holmes filed suit against Farm Bureau and argued that the Medicare Secondary Payer Act (MSPA) created a private cause of action for double damages where medical expenses were paid by Medicare that should have been paid by a primary payer- here, the no-fault insurer Farm Bureau.  The Michigan Court of Appeals agreed.

The Court first looked to the language of the insurance policy itself, which established Farm Bureau’s responsibility to pay, and concluded that the policy language plainly indicated that Farm Bureau coverage was primary.  The policy included language acknowledging that, as a matter of law, the parties could only contract for a policy which makes Medicare the secondary payer.  The Court then turned to the MSPA and, finding the statutory language to be clear, held that a private cause of action exists that allows individuals to file suit against a primary payer for funds improperly paid by Medicare and double damages may be recovered.

We will continue to follow this case and will keep you informed of any developments as the parties proceed and litigate their case. **Updated to add: We do expect this case to proceed to  federal court, as a state court should not have subject matter jurisdiction over claims arising under the MSPA.

Generic Drugs, Big Savings!

Recently, one of the most commonly prescribed opioids in workers’ compensation cases, Oxycontin, has become available in generic form in the following dosages:  20 mg, 40 mg and 80 mg.  By utilizing this drug in the generic form, the savings can be tremendous since the generic costs between $2.21 and $2.74 per pill less than the brand.

Another frequently prescribed drug in the workers’ compensation arena is Nexium, which is often used to help prevent gastro-esophageal reflux due to the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).  Nexium’s patent expired and the drug is now available in generic form.  The cost of generic Nexium is $0.90 to $1.00 less per pill than the brand, depending on the dosage.  Accordingly, use of the generic can save a substantial amount of money, particularly when priced over the remainder of a claimant’s lifetime.

Need help determining if your claimant's drugs have a generic form? Contact us today! 

Summary: CMS Webinar on Applicable Plan Appeals

In case you missed the webinar on May 5, 2015, we have provided a summary of the webinar below:

CMS held a webinar to discuss the new administrative appeals process for applicable plans. The new regulations establishing a formal right of appeal and an administrative appeals process for applicable plans went into effect on April 28, 2015, and will allow applicable plans to go through an administrative appeals process if CMS issues a formal demand for conditional payment claims naming the applicable plan as the debtor. The appeals process is only available for demands issued against an applicable plan on or after April 28, 2015.

CMS explained that the appeals process is only available after Medicare has issued an "initial determination" (i.e., a formal demand) and includes the following steps: (1) redetermination by the contractor that issued the demand letter; (2) reconsideration by a Medicare Qualified Independent Contractor; (3) hearing with an Administrative Law Judge; and (4) review by the Medicare Appeals Council. After an applicable plan has exhausted these steps, the plan may then seek judicial review. It is important to keep in mind that by not appealing conditional payment claims through the administrative appeals process within the appropriate time frames, applicable plans will lose the right to seek judicial review or otherwise appeal the amount owed.

CMS noted that the demand letter and any subsequent appeal determinations will specify any time frame or other requirements to proceed to the next level of appeal. CMS also reiterated that the beneficiary is not a party to applicable plan appeals but the beneficiary will receive notice of any appeal that is filed.

The applicable plan may designate a representative to handle the administrative appeals process on its behalf by providing a valid Proof of Representation form. CMS confirmed that appeal requests submitted by a representative without a proper Proof of Representation form will be dismissed. A request to vacate the dismissal may be submitted with a proper Proof of Representation form.

CMS discussed that the applicable plan may appeal the amount and/or existence of the debt. However, applicable plans cannot appeal Medicare's decision to seek reimbursement from the applicable plan rather than the beneficiary.

CMS announced significant policy changes in how they will issue demand letters to applicable plans. In the past, CMS has reduced demands for procurement costs (i.e., attorney's fees and costs). In the webinar, however, CMS stated that they would not apply the procurement cost reduction for demands issued against applicable plans. We asked CMS to explain this position, as 42 C.F.R. § 411.37(b) indicates that demands issued against primary payers should be reduced for procurement costs. CMS said that they did not want to give any reduction for applicable plans for opposing their recovery. However, CMS also said that they would review all questions submitted. We are hopeful that CMS will review 42 C.F.R. § 411.37(b) and agree that demands issued against applicable plans should be reduced for procurement costs. Because CMS will typically list the insurer/self-insured employer automatically as the debtor in workers' compensation cases, a refusal by CMS to recognize the procurement cost reduction will lead to a significant increase in demand amounts in workers' compensation cases. However, we have seen CMS apply the procurement cost reduction in some demands issued after April 28, 2015, with the insurer listed as the debtor, and we are hopeful that this will continue.

CMS also indicated that in cases where CMS has agreed to a waiver or compromise of its recovery for the beneficiary, CMS may still pursue recovery from the applicable plan. In the past, if CMS agreed to a waiver or compromise request for the beneficiary, CMS would typically not pursue recovery against the primary payer. This change in policy would make it significantly more difficult to settle some cases in which Medicare has a substantial amount of conditional payment claims compared to the total settlement amount.

CMS also stated in the webinar that for claims involving ORM, CMS may periodically issue formal demands before there is a TPOC.

Typically, CMS has waited to seek recovery until there is a settlement, judgment, or award in the beneficiary's favor. Now, applicable plans that have reported ORM may start receiving demands prior to any settlement, judgment, or award.

Under 42 C.F.R. § 411.24(b), "CMS may initiate recovery as soon as it learns that payment has been made or could be made under workers' compensation, any liability or no-fault insurance, or an employer group health plan." It is important to note, however, that applicable plans should be able to appeal charges for which primary payment responsibility has not been demonstrated. If a claim has not resolved through settlement, judgment, or award, and an applicable plan would not otherwise be responsible under state law or the terms of the plan for the charges at issue, the plan could argue that CMS does not have a valid recovery claim since primary payment responsibilty has not been demonstrated.

Applicable plans will often have an MSA vendor handle the conditional payment claim research process when settlement is anticipated. However, if CMS starts issuing demand letters periodically when the applicable plan has reported ORM under Section 111, an MSA vendor may not be involved when the demand is issued and the applicable plan may not otherwise be actively looking for any conditional payment claim correspondence. Any demand that CMS issues against an applicable plan based on information that is reported under Section 111 should be sent to the address for the RRE that is reported on the TIN reference file. It is important for RREs to ensure that they have a process established for handling in a timely manner any demand letters that are sent to the address reported on the TIN reference file. Applicable plans have 120 days to file an appeal after receipt of an intial demand letter, and CMS assumes receipt of the demand letter within 5 days absent sufficient evidence to the contrary. Fortunately, beginning July 13, 2015, CMS will allow RREs to report recovery agent information on the TIN reference file, which should reduce concerns about any potential demands going unnoticed.

If you have any questions about the new appeals process, please feel free to contact one of our knowledgeable attorneys here. We will continue to keep you updated on any policy changes with CMS.

CMS Reschedules Applicable Plans Webinar

CMS announced today that they have rescheduled the webinar on Applicable Plan Appeal Rights for May 5, 2015 at 1:00 PM EST.

Participats should log in at https://webinar.cms.hhs.gov/r7ekbgn9ais.  CMS requests that Participants begin logging in 15 minutes before the start time due to the anticipated large number of participants.

For more information please see our previous post on the webinar here.

CANCELLED: CMS Applicable Plans Webinar

Update: CMS just announced that their Central Office, located in Baltimore, is closing early today due to circumstances outside their control.  As a result, the Applicable Plans Appeals webinar that was scheduled for today has been canceled.  We will let you know when CMS reschedules the webinar.

CMS Applicable Plan Appeals [Webinar]

As we previously reported, CMS recently issued a final rule pursuant to the SMART Act creating regulations establishing a formal right of appeal and an administrative appeals process for applicable plans.  The new regulations will go into effect on April 28, 2015, and will allow applicable plans to go through an administrative appeals process if CMS issues a formal demand for conditional payment claims naming the applicable plan as the debtor.  An "applicable plan" is defined as "liability insurance (including self-insurance), no-fault insurance, or a workers' compensation law or plan."

CMS has scheduled a webinar for April 28, 2015 at 1:00 pm Eastern time to discuss the appeals process. CMS requests that viewers begin logging in 15 minutes before the start time due to the anticipated large number of participants. You may sign up by clicking here.

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District Court in the Eleventh Circuit Gives Humana a Private Cause of Action Under the MSP

Courts continue to follow the Third Circuit’s lead by finding that Medicare Advantage Organizations (MAO) have a private cause of action to pursue reimbursement under the Medicare Secondary Payer Act (MSP).

In the present case, Humana Med. Plan v. W. Heritage Ins. Co., (2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31875), the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida followed the direction of the Third Circuit's and, in granting Humana’s Motion for Summary Judgment, found that Humana has a private cause of action under the MSP and is entitled to recover double damages as a result of Western Heritage Insurance Company’s (“Western”) failure to reimburse Humana for medical expenses it advanced on behalf of Ms. Reale, the plaintiff in the prior liability claim.

Especially important is that prior to settlement of the liability claim, Western attempted to resolve the Humana lien by listing Humana as a payee on the settlement check. Due to a disagreement regarding the amount owed on the Humana lien, however, the state court ordered Western to pay the full settlement amount to Ms. Reale and Ms. Reale’s attorney to hold funds in trust to be used to reimburse medical liens. As a result of the state court’s Order, Western paid the full settlement to Ms. Reale with the understanding that she would then satisfy the existing liens, including those with Humana.  When Ms. Reale failed to pay those liens due to continued disagreement of the amount owed, Humana filed the case at hand against Western.

Humana filed the Motion for Summary Judgment seeking a declaration that Western was liable to Humana for charges paid on Ms. Reale’s behalf, despite the fact that the claims were already settled directly with Ms. Reale, and that they are entitled to double damages under the MSP private cause of action provision. The Court began their analysis by discussing the history behind Medicare and the MSP, which led to discussion of the Third Circuit’s analysis of the private cause of action provision in Avandia.

The court relied on the Third Circuit’s interpretation of the MSP’s private cause of action provision in In re Avandia Sales Practices, and Products Liability Litigation, 685 F.3d (3rd Cir. 2012), which held that a plain reading of the MSP statute provided the MAO with a private cause of action and that even if the language were vague, the result would be the same as an ambiguity would require Chevron deference be given to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the same conclusion would be reached.  The Court found the Avandia Court’s analysis persuasive and held that MAOs such as Humana are within the purview of those who may bring a private cause of action under the MSP.  The Court then determined that Western qualifies as a primary payer under the MSP as a result of the settlement agreement between Western and Ms. Reale, in which Western reimbursed Ms. Reale for injuries she sustained. Therefore, even in light of Western’s agreement with Ms. Reale settling all claims, Western is still responsible for repayment to Humana for benefits they paid on Ms. Reale’s behalf.

In addition to finding that Humana has a private cause of action under the MSP and Western’s status as a primary payer, the Court evaluated Humana’s right to recover double damages.  The Court determined that upon settling the case with Ms. Reale, Western, as a primary payer, had a responsibility to reimburse Humana for medical expenses it paid on behalf of Ms. Reale, and failed to do so.  As such, the Court held that Western’s independent obligation to reimburse Humana and their failure to do so entitled Humana to double the amount they paid on behalf of Ms. Reale.

This is the first District Court in the Eleventh Circuit to follow the Third Circuit’s decision in Avandia, and provides further evidence that Medicare Advantage Organizations continue to gain momentum and favor with courts when it comes to their recovery rights.  It should be noted that, similar to the reimbursement rights of Medicare, the reimbursement rights of an MAO will not be bound by the terms of a settlement agreement.

If you are unsure whether a claimant is enrolled in a Medicare Advantage Plan or Part D Prescription Drug Plan, contact us today. We are happy to confirm enrollment and assist with the resolution of any such lien.